The Role of Plant Metabolites in Enhancing Immunomodulatory Responses in Autoimmune Diseases

Abstract

Autoimmune diseases arise from an aberrant immune response against self-antigens, leading to chronic inflammation and tissue damage. Conventional therapies, including immunosuppressants and biologics, often present limitations such as side effects and high costs. Recent research has highlighted the potential of plant-derived metabolites in modulating immune responses, offering a natural and effective approach to managing autoimmune conditions. Bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and polyphenols have demonstrated immunomodulatory properties by regulating pro-inflammatory cytokines, enhancing regulatory T cell function, and modulatingsignaling pathways such as NF-κB and JAK/STAT. Additionally, plant metabolites influence gut microbiota composition, which plays a crucial role in immune homeostasis. This review explores the therapeutic potential of plant metabolites in autoimmune diseases, discussing their mechanisms of action, sources, and clinical relevance. Further research is required to validate their efficacy and safety, paving the way for plantbased adjunct therapies in autoimmune disease management.